World Congress on Sustainable Waste Management September 05-06, 2022 Vancouver, Canada

Waste treatment refers to the conditioning needed to guarantee that waste has the least practicable impact on the atmosphere. In numerous countries multicolored forms of waste treatment are demanded by law.

The 7 R's Of Recycling

• Recycle.
• Refuse.
• Reduce.
• Reuse.
• Repair.
• Re-gift.
• Recover.

Treatment process of waste materials

Perilous waste can be treated by chemical, thermal, consanguineous, and physical methodologies. Chemical methodologies include ion exchange, hurry, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization. Among thermal methodologies is high- temperature incineration, which not only can detoxify certain organic wastes but also can destroy them.

Types of Solid Wastes

• Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)
• Construction and Demolition Debris.
• Industrial/Commercial Waste.
• Hazardous Waste Lamps.
• Regulated Medical Waste.
• Used Electronic Equipment.
• Used Oil.
• Waste Tires.

Organic waste is any material that's biodegradable and comes from either a workshop or an creature. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic grains.

E-waste recycling is the operation and processing of electrical and electronic stuff of any type that has been discarded or regarded as obsolete. Recycling of e-waste is a growing trend and was initiated to keep natural and environmental health substantially due to the wide environmental pollution impacts of e-waste.

The major intention of e-waste handling is to reduce, operate, and recover.

Types of e-waste

Type 1-Major appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, dryers etc) Type 2 – Small appliances (vacuum detergents, irons, blenders, microwaves etc) Type 3 – Computer and telecommunication appliances (laptops, PCs, telephones, mobile phones etc)

Tacks of Disposal

The stylish way to reuse e-waste is by melting circuit boards, burning the line sheathing to recover bobby lace and open- hollow acid hang on for separating stuff of value. In order to reclaim a waste material connate as electrolysis, osmosis, electrolytic recovery, condensation, filtration, centrifugation, etc.

Most Commonly used method of disposing E-waste

• Landfills: This is the most commonly used method of disposing e-waste.
• Incineration: It is also the most commonly used method to dispose of e-waste
• The countries which generates most of the e-waste are China, India, Japan

Norway is on top of the world's electronic waste mountain, generating 62.4 lbs per inhabitant. Switzerland is in second position with 58lbs while Iceland rounds off the top three with 57.3lbs

Health hazards – improper e-waste disposal effects

• Reproductive issues.
• Developmental problems.
• Damage to the immune system.
• Interference with regulatory hormones.
• Damage to the nervous system.
• Kidney damage.
• Hamper's brain development in children.
• May lead to lung cancer

Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove impurities from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Erstwhile returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an all right impact on the terrain or is reused for colorful purposes (called water recapture).
There are three main stages of the wastewater treatment process, aptly known as primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment. In some employments, more advanced treatment is necessitated, known as quaternary water treatment.

Treatment Steps

1.                  Step 1: Screening and Pumping

2.                  Step 2: Grit Removal

3.                  Step 3: Primary Settling

4.                  Step 4: Aeration / Activated Sludge

5.                  Step 5: Secondary Settling

6.                  Step 8: Oxygen Uptake

7.                  Sludge Treatment

Types of waste water:

 Domestic sewage, Industrial sewage, and Storm sewage.

4 stages of wastewater treatment:

Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge treatment. 

Sources of waste water:

·                     Domestic.

·                     Industrial.

·                     Commercial.

·                     Agricultural activities.

·                     Surface runoff or storm water.

·                     Any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.

·                     Horticultural

Aquaculture effluent

A renewable resource, also known as a income resource, is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by operation and consumption, either through natural reduplication or other reiterating processes in a finite volume of time in a natural time scale.          

There are five major renewable energy sources

• Solar energy from the sun.
• Geothermal energy from heat inside the earth.
• Wind energy.
• Biomass from plants.
• Hydropower from flowing water.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not.

7 Types of Renewable Energy

• Solar. By using photovoltaic cells to capture and convert the sun's rays into electricity, solar panels transform light into usable energy
• Wind Energy
• Hydroelectric
• Ocean Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Biomass
• Hydrogen

Types of Non-Renewable Energy

• Coal. Coal comes from the remains of plants that died hundreds of millions of years ago
• Oil. Oil – also known as petroleum – can be extracted and refined in order to make products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Energy

Waste- to- energy (WtE) or energy- from- waste ( EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/ or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into an energy source. WtE is a form of energy recovery.

The waste (energy) is burned, releasing heat. The heat turns water into smoke in a boiler. The high- pressure smoke turns the blades of a turbine initiator to produce electricity. An air pollution control system removes defilements from the combustion gas before it's released through a murk hill.

Moment's waste- to- energy workshops, nevertheless, are meaningful detergent. Advanced technologies help to burn waste at extremely high temperatures, which ensures complete combustion. Emigrations are also particularly treated, which leaves minutest volumes of envenomed offshoots like leader ash.

The net profit compass and return on investment (ROI) of WTE workshops is charming, up to 25 and 18 separately. The retribution period is12.73 bits and the internal rate of return (IRR) is10.94. Accordingly, WTE manufactory has good profitability and moneymaking benefit.

Tube Gasification Waste- to- Energy shops

The US Air Force erstwhile tested a transferable Tube Waste to Energy System (TPWES) establishment (Pyro Genesis technology) at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The factory, which fetch$7.4 million to construct, was closed and retailed at a government liquidation transaction in May 2013, lesser than three days after its commissioning. The opening trial was$ 25. The winning crack was sealed.

Landfill sites are designed to store waste. They are designed to reduce the impact of garbage on human health and the environment.

Modern landfills are completely closed to reduce pollution of nearby groundwater. First, the soil is covered with clay. A thin layer of flexible plastic is placed on top of the clay layer. That allows for the accumulation of leachate, a liquid that passes through the landfill and may release toxins from waste.

As the debris is placed on the ground in a growing pile, it is piled up into a solid heap. Each day a layer of soil is removed and covered with garbage to prevent odors and problems with rats. Therefore, the landfill is mostly made up of compressed layers of debris and soil.

Garbage dumps can produce a foul odor and waste gas can travel to the ground and accumulate in nearby buildings. Gases emitted from landfills, ammonia, sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide are the major concerns. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are the main culprits in landfills.

Although landfill gas explosions are by no means the most common, a number of known or suspected causes of landfill explosions have been documented. 1.2% LEL and its 7.EL% UEL. However, the concentration of benzene in the waste disposal gas is very unlikely to reach these levels.

Disposal can cause air pollution by emitting dust and gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, and more. These gases are produced as a result of decomposition of organic waste.

The plastic you put in the bin ends up in the garbage dump. When garbage is transported to a landfill, plastic is often blown away by air because it is very light. From there, it may end up littered with debris and into rivers and lakes this way.

New York City met the conditions of its ceasefire agreement on June 30, 1992, which indicated that all cities in the nation were abolishing the practice.

Pollution is defined as “the pollution of the visible and living parts of the earth / atmosphere system in such a way that the normal processes of the environment are adversely affected.

8 Various Types of Environmental Pollution

• Air pollution.
• Water pollution.
• Land Pollution.
• Soil Pollution.
• Noise Pollution.
• Thermal Pollution.
• Industrial Pollution.
• Light Pollution.

5 Kinds of Environmental Pollution Caused by Waste

• The burning of fossil fuels like oil, gas or coal.
• The exhaust fumes from your vehicles.
• The mismanagement of landfill waste caused by garbage pollution.
• The harmful fragrance or off-gassing from plastic production, paints and so on.
• Nuclear accidents or radiation spills.

Effects of pollution

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of health effects. Increases the risk of respiratory diseases, heart disease and lung cancer.

Both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with a health impact. Serious side effects affect people who are already ill.

Lets's discuss these 10 best ways to reduce air pollution

1. Using public transports
2. Turn off the lights when not in use
3. Recycle and Reuse
4. No to plastic bags
5. Reduction of forest fires and smoking
6. Use of fans instead of Air Conditioner
7. Use filters for chimneys
8. Avoid usage of crackers

Following are some of the most common solutions to the environmental issue:

• Replace disposal items with reusable items.
• The use of paper should be avoided.
• Conserve water and electricity.
• Support environmental friendly practices.
• Recycle the waste to conserve natural resources.

Improper waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution, and it directly affects biodiversity and animal systems.

Waste disposal sites, considered a last resort in waste management, release methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas associated with climate change.

6 Negative Effects of Improper Waste Management

• Soil Contamination. Ideally, we would like our plastic, glass, metal and paper waste to end up at a recycling facility
• Water Contamination
• Extreme Weather Caused By Climate Change
• Air Contamination
• Harm Towards Animal and Marine Life
• Human Damage

Waste disposal often takes place by uncontrolled dumping on unsuitable spots, e.g. river banks, streets, canals, or small and large rubbish heaps. Generally speaking, the amount of waste increases in proportion to an improved purchasing power, industrial development, rationalization within trades and specializations.

Bioenergy:

Bioenergy is one of the many different resources available to help meet our energy need. It is a type of renewable energy derived from living organisms known as biomass, which can be used to produce fuel for transportation, heat, electricity, and products.

Bioenergy is renewable energy produced from living organisms (called “biomass”) such as plants, which contain energy from the sun stored as chemical energy. Bioenergy manufacturers can convert this energy into liquid fuel — called "biofuel" - through the process of converting chemicals into a bio-refining process.

Bioenergy energy is generated from renewable, biological sources such as biomass. Biomass is a plant that can be converted into fuel (also known as biofuel when made from organic matter) to provide heat and electricity. Bioenergy can be found in many types of biofuels.

Types of biomass:

• Agricultural residues. Crop residues include all sorts of agricultural waste such as straw, bagasse, stems, leaves, stalks, husks, pulp, shells, peels, etc
• Animal waste. Various animal wastes are suitable as sources of energy
• Forest residues
• Industrial wastes
• Solid waste and sewage.

Landscaping to remove dirt or debris from water (both ground and surface water) and soil. These contaminants are removed to protect human health, as well as to restore the environment.

Example: Environmental remodeling techniques include excavation, extraction, oxidation, evaporation, thermal desorption, pump and treatment, nanoremediation, and more.

Types of Remediation:

There are two main types of environmental remediation, based on the use of treatment methods: Ex-situ - excavation and treatment; and. In-situ - treatment while the soil remains underground.

Bioremediation relies on promoting the growth of certain bacteria that utilize pollutants such as oil, solvents, and pesticides in food and energy sources. These bacteria convert pollutants into small amounts of water, as well as harmless gases such as carbon dioxide.

There are many ways to prepare the earth. In general, these can be categorized: engineering methods, e.g. excavation and removal, or coverage plans; process-based methods, e.g. bioremediation or soil washing.

Bioremediation helps clean up water resources, create healthier soils, and improve global air quality. But unlike mineral-based remedial procedures, which may be disruptive, bioremediation remedies are less disruptive and may help to correct environmental impacts without damaging the fragile ecosystem.

Although, bioremediation may be effective, due to its slow recovery time, it is not always considered. Bioremediation not only saves, but is an effective means of sensitive coast, due to the non-violence in coastal habitats (Boufadel et al., 2011, 2016).

Cost: The average cost of improved biological repairs ranges from $ 30 to $ 100 per cubic meter ($ 20 to $ 80 per cubic yard) of soil. Cost factors include the type of soil and chemicals, the type and amount of amendments used, and the type and degree of contamination.

Trash contaminated with blood and other body fluids (e.g. from discarded diagnostic samples), customs and stocks of infectious material from laboratory work (e.g. waste from post-mortem and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from infected patients (e.g. and disposal) medical equipment)

The primary methods of treating medical waste are:

• Incineration
• Autoclaves
• Mechanical/Chemical Disinfection
• Microwave
• Irradiation
• Vitrification

Sharps & Waste such as needles, scapels, broken glass and razors. Pathological debris & human or animal tissues, organs, blood and fluids. Medicinal Trash & Unused and Outdated Drugs, such as creams, pills, antibiotics.

There are many heat-resistant technologies sold to treat infectious waste. They can be classified as thermal, chemical, biological or glossy technologies.

The most common is autoclaving. This uses high pressure steam, usually 121-134oC, to disinfect waste for recycling and disposal.

Autoclaving is a highly flexible and well-known technology in many hospitals as it is used in sterilization surgery.

Major waste regulation laws

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Hazardous Waste

Laws and Regulations

• Hazardous Waste Regulations
• Medical Waste
• Universal Waste: Laws and Regulations EXITEXIT EPA WEBSITE

Compliance

• Hazardous Waste Compliance Monitoring: information about inspections, evaluations and investigations.
• RCRA Online: electronic database of selected letters, memoranda, questions and answers, and other publications about non-hazardous, hazardous and medical waste.
• Exporters of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste
• Importers and Receiving Facilities of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste
• Steps in Complying with Regulations for Hazardous Waste

Enforcement

• Waste Enforcement

Policy and Guidance

• RCRA Guidance, Policy and Resources
• Waste Enforcement Publications

Household Hazardous Waste

• Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)
• Household Hazardous Waste and Demolition

Recycling

• Hazardous Waste Recycling
• Frequent Questions Related to Hazardous Waste Recycling, the Definition of Solid Waste and Other Exemptions and Exclusions
• Regulatory Exclusions and Alternative Standards for the Recycling of Materials, Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes

Non-Hazardous Waste/Solid Waste

The Solid Waste Program, under RCRA Subtitle D, encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage non-hazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste, sets criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste.

Laws and Regulations

• RCRA Online: electronic database of selected letters, memoranda, questions and answers, and other publications about non-hazardous, hazardous and medical waste.
• Guide for Industrial Waste Management

Policy and Guidance

• RCRA Guidance, Policy and Resources

Recycling refers to the recycling and reuse of waste as immature materials for the production of new products. On the other hand, upcycling, a term coined in 1994 by Reiner Pilz, involves the recycling of waste into its present state without the need to break it down into its own.

Difference between Recycling and Upcycling

Recycling involves the destruction of waste in order to create something new, whereas upcycling takes waste and creates something new from it in its current state.

Common materials that can be recycled or up cycled

Some materials are more amenable for recycling and up cycling than others. Among the most commonly recycled materials are:

• concrete 
• metals (such as steel and aluminium)
• plastics (such as PET, PP, PBT, and PLA)
• textiles
• wood
• glass
• paper

The reuse of one member of these material groups, compared with another member, can give you a significant limitation in the selection of items. Some “raw” materials can be obtained by proprietary methods of lifting bicycles, while other materials are simply produced in a way that makes them easier to recycle.

Brown paper bags are used instead of plastic bags for easy recycling. Plastic containers are replaced with metal if possible as they can be reused many times and easily recycled at the end of the life stage.

Some products, however, are difficult to recycle or recycle because of the highly specific nature of its structure / application or the nature of the materials used to produce it. Foam polystyrene, for example, is difficult and inexpensive to recycle as it is highly compacted and often polluted.

The recycling of compound products is also challenging because they are difficult to separate. Plastics such as PET, HDPE and PVC are generally easy to recycle as they usually act as liquid containers or pipe materials. Some plastics such as LDPE are often used as light tubes and food packaging, which means that they are often so polluted that it would require more energy to be reused than produced from scratch. The same goes for the products of dual materials such as glossy paperboard (used to make things like juice boxes), which seem difficult to separate into individual parts.

However, certain products that can be recycled can be replaced instead, and vice versa. The foam polystyrene mentioned above (commonly referred to as Styrofoam) can be upgraded instead of recycled while copper tubes and cords can be recycled more easily than are mounted on top.