Session 01: Recycling
Recycling is the process of collecting and reprocessing materials that would otherwise be thrown off as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can help your community and the environs.
Three Types of Recycling
Mechanical, Energy and Chemical. Every single type is subdivided into minor categories, but understanding them gives us a better idea of how the world processes most of its recyclables.
Benefits of recycling
It conserves energy, reduces air and water pollution, reduces greenhouse gases, and conserves natural resources. Stanford recycled, composted, and otherwise source reduced 62% of its waste and reduced landfill by 35%.
Top 5 Impacts of Recycling
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Saves Energy & fund. We use small natural fund similar as trees, water and minerals when we recover
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Reduces sanitary landfills
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Prevents. Pollution
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Gives Garbage New Life. When you recover used points, you draw on individual new( which is quite cool)
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Creates Jobs
Session 02: Waste Treatment
Waste treatment refers to the conditioning needed to guarantee that waste has the least practicable impact on the atmosphere. In numerous countries multicolored forms of waste treatment are demanded by law.
The 7 R's Of Recycling
Treatment process of waste materials
Perilous waste can be treated by chemical, thermal, consanguineous, and physical methodologies. Chemical methodologies include ion exchange, hurry, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization. Among thermal methodologies is high- temperature incineration, which not only can detoxify certain organic wastes but also can destroy them.
Types of Solid Wastes
Organic waste is any material that's biodegradable and comes from either a workshop or an creature. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic grains.
Session 03: E-waste management
E-waste recycling is the operation and processing of electrical and electronic stuff of any type that has been discarded or regarded as obsolete. Recycling of e-waste is a growing trend and was initiated to keep natural and environmental health substantially due to the wide environmental pollution impacts of e-waste.
The major intention of e-waste handling is to reduce, operate, and recover.
Types of e-waste
Type 1-Major appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, dryers etc) Type 2 – Small appliances (vacuum detergents, irons, blenders, microwaves etc) Type 3 – Computer and telecommunication appliances (laptops, PCs, telephones, mobile phones etc)
Tacks of Disposal
The stylish way to reuse e-waste is by melting circuit boards, burning the line sheathing to recover bobby lace and open- hollow acid hang on for separating stuff of value. In order to reclaim a waste material connate as electrolysis, osmosis, electrolytic recovery, condensation, filtration, centrifugation, etc.
Most Commonly used method of disposing E-waste
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Landfills: This is the most commonly used method of disposing e-waste.
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Incineration: It is also the most commonly used method to dispose of e-waste.
The countries which generates most of the e-waste are China, India, Japan
Norway is on top of the world's electronic waste mountain, generating 62.4 lbs per inhabitant. Switzerland is in second position with 58lbs while Iceland rounds off the top three with 57.3lbs
Health hazards – improper e-waste disposal effects
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Reproductive issues.
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Developmental problems.
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Damage to the immune system.
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Interference with regulatory hormones.
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Damage to the nervous system.
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Kidney damage.
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Hamper's brain development in children.
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May lead to lung cancer
Session 04: Waste Water Treatments
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove impurities from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Erstwhile returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an all right impact on the terrain or is reused for colorful purposes (called water recapture).
There are three main stages of the wastewater treatment process, aptly known as primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment. In some employments, more advanced treatment is necessitated, known as quaternary water treatment.
Treatment Steps
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Step 1: Screening and Pumping
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Step 2: Grit Removal
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Step 3: Primary Settling
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Step 4: Aeration / Activated Sludge
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Step 5: Secondary Settling
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Step 8: Oxygen Uptake
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Sludge Treatment
Types of waste water:
Domestic sewage, Industrial sewage, and Storm sewage.
4 stages of wastewater treatment:
Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge treatment.
Sources of waste water:
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Domestic.
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Industrial.
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Commercial.
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Agricultural activities.
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Surface runoff or storm water.
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Any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.
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Horticultural.
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Aquaculture effluent.
Session 05: Renewable Resources and Renewable Energy
A renewable resource, also known as a income resource, is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by operation and consumption, either through natural reduplication or other reiterating processes in a finite volume of time in a natural time scale.
There are five major renewable energy sources
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Solar energy from the sun.
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Geothermal energy from heat inside the earth.
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Wind energy.
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Biomass from plants.
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Hydropower from flowing water.
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not.
7 Types of Renewable Energy
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Solar. By using photovoltaic cells to capture and convert the sun's rays into electricity, solar panels transform light into usable energy
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Wind Energy
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Hydroelectric
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Ocean Energy
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Geothermal Energy
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Biomass
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Hydrogen
Types of Non-Renewable Energy
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Coal. Coal comes from the remains of plants that died hundreds of millions of years ago
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Oil. Oil – also known as petroleum – can be extracted and refined in order to make products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel
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Natural Gas
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Nuclear Energy
Session 06: Waste to Energy
Waste- to- energy (WtE) or energy- from- waste ( EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/ or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into an energy source. WtE is a form of energy recovery.
The waste (energy) is burned, releasing heat. The heat turns water into smoke in a boiler. The high- pressure smoke turns the blades of a turbine initiator to produce electricity. An air pollution control system removes defilements from the combustion gas before it's released through a murk hill.
Moment's waste- to- energy workshops, nevertheless, are meaningful detergent. Advanced technologies help to burn waste at extremely high temperatures, which ensures complete combustion. Emigrations are also particularly treated, which leaves minutest volumes of envenomed offshoots like leader ash.
The net profit compass and return on investment (ROI) of WTE workshops is charming, up to 25 and 18 separately. The retribution period is12.73 bits and the internal rate of return (IRR) is10.94. Accordingly, WTE manufactory has good profitability and moneymaking benefit.
Tube Gasification Waste- to- Energy shops
The US Air Force erstwhile tested a transferable Tube Waste to Energy System (TPWES) establishment (Pyro Genesis technology) at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The factory, which fetch$7.4 million to construct, was closed and retailed at a government liquidation transaction in May 2013, lesser than three days after its commissioning. The opening trial was$ 25. The winning crack was sealed.
Session 07: Landfills
Landfill sites are designed to store waste. They are designed to reduce the impact of garbage on human health and the environment.
Modern landfills are completely closed to reduce pollution of nearby groundwater. First, the soil is covered with clay. A thin layer of flexible plastic is placed on top of the clay layer. That allows for the accumulation of leachate, a liquid that passes through the landfill and may release toxins from waste.
As the debris is placed on the ground in a growing pile, it is piled up into a solid heap. Each day a layer of soil is removed and covered with garbage to prevent odors and problems with rats. Therefore, the landfill is mostly made up of compressed layers of debris and soil.
Garbage dumps can produce a foul odor and waste gas can travel to the ground and accumulate in nearby buildings. Gases emitted from landfills, ammonia, sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide are the major concerns. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are the main culprits in landfills.
Although landfill gas explosions are by no means the most common, a number of known or suspected causes of landfill explosions have been documented. 1.2% LEL and its 7.EL% UEL. However, the concentration of benzene in the waste disposal gas is very unlikely to reach these levels.
Disposal can cause air pollution by emitting dust and gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, and more. These gases are produced as a result of decomposition of organic waste.
The plastic you put in the bin ends up in the garbage dump. When garbage is transported to a landfill, plastic is often blown away by air because it is very light. From there, it may end up littered with debris and into rivers and lakes this way.
New York City met the conditions of its ceasefire agreement on June 30, 1992, which indicated that all cities in the nation were abolishing the practice.
Session 08: Environmental Pollution
Pollution is defined as “the pollution of the visible and living parts of the earth / atmosphere system in such a way that the normal processes of the environment are adversely affected.
8 Various Types of Environmental Pollution
5 Kinds of Environmental Pollution Caused by Waste
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The burning of fossil fuels like oil, gas or coal.
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The exhaust fumes from your vehicles.
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The mismanagement of landfill waste caused by garbage pollution.
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The harmful fragrance or off-gassing from plastic production, paints and so on.
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Nuclear accidents or radiation spills.
Effects of pollution
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of health effects. Increases the risk of respiratory diseases, heart disease and lung cancer.
Both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with a health impact. Serious side effects affect people who are already ill.
Lets's discuss these 10 best ways to reduce air pollution
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Using public transports
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Turn off the lights when not in use
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Recycle and Reuse
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No to plastic bags
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Reduction of forest fires and smoking
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Use of fans instead of Air Conditioner
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Use filters for chimneys
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Avoid usage of crackers
Following are some of the most common solutions to the environmental issue:
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Replace disposal items with reusable items.
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The use of paper should be avoided.
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Conserve water and electricity.
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Support environmental friendly practices.
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Recycle the waste to conserve natural resources.
Session 09: Socio-environmental impacts of waste management
Improper waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution, and it directly affects biodiversity and animal systems.
Waste disposal sites, considered a last resort in waste management, release methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas associated with climate change.
6 Negative Effects of Improper Waste Management
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Soil Contamination. Ideally, we would like our plastic, glass, metal and paper waste to end up at a recycling facility
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Water Contamination
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Extreme Weather Caused By Climate Change
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Air Contamination
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Harm Towards Animal and Marine Life
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Human Damage
Waste disposal often takes place by uncontrolled dumping on unsuitable spots, e.g. river banks, streets, canals, or small and large rubbish heaps. Generally speaking, the amount of waste increases in proportion to an improved purchasing power, industrial development, rationalization within trades and specializations.
Session 10: Bioenergy and Biofuels
Bioenergy:
Bioenergy is one of the many different resources available to help meet our energy need. It is a type of renewable energy derived from living organisms known as biomass, which can be used to produce fuel for transportation, heat, electricity, and products.
Bioenergy is renewable energy produced from living organisms (called “biomass”) such as plants, which contain energy from the sun stored as chemical energy. Bioenergy manufacturers can convert this energy into liquid fuel — called "biofuel" - through the process of converting chemicals into a bio-refining process.
Bioenergy energy is generated from renewable, biological sources such as biomass. Biomass is a plant that can be converted into fuel (also known as biofuel when made from organic matter) to provide heat and electricity. Bioenergy can be found in many types of biofuels.
Types of biomass:
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Agricultural residues. Crop residues include all sorts of agricultural waste such as straw, bagasse, stems, leaves, stalks, husks, pulp, shells, peels, etc
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Animal waste. Various animal wastes are suitable as sources of energy
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Forest residues
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Industrial wastes
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Solid waste and sewage.
Session 11: Advanced technologies in waste management
Low and non-waste technologies (LNWT) of production aimed at waste minimization at all points in the cycle of production through process changes, good housekeeping, recycle and reuse, equipment design, and product formulations
Smart Waste Bins
Many companies now make smart trash cans that offer a wide range of services. Many include sensors that detect levels of debris so that they can alert users when they are full. This information can help people track their disposal habits and adjust their garbage collection schedules, reducing fuel consumption.
Some of these trash cans have interactive screens to guide users in better waste management. They can tell people how to dispose of different things or talk about the natural effects of some waste. That way, users can become more aware of what they are losing.
Plasma Gasification:
Waste transfer processes prevent waste from landing in the landfill and creating relatively green energy sources. One of the newest and most promising methods of these methods is plasma gas. In this process, plasma burns waste to high temperatures and converts them into useful gases such as hydrogen.
Pneumatic Waste Collection
Many towns and cities are dependent on dump trucks for fuel. This system can be ineffective and lead to production, so some areas have found a new way. They use vacuum suction to dispose of garbage cans through a series of underground air tubes.
Pneumatic tubes are powered by air compressors, so their power consumption is limited. With no trucks involved, greenhouse gas emissions are no longer a problem, either. These systems are also faster than garbage disposal systems, which gives waste management plants more time to dispose of waste.
Fleet Management Systems
The technology also provides a way forward in areas that still use the standard garbage collection system. Fleet management technology, common in the transportation sector, can improve waste collection. These systems use a network of sensors and GPS data to improve vehicle routes.
Following the same route every day is easy but not always easy. Changes in traffic, climate and amount of waste can make different methods more effective. Fleet management systems allow pilots to adjust their routes to save time and reduce pollution.
AI Waste Sorting
Waste planning errors can lead to improper disposal and missed opportunities for recycling or reuse. Less than 1% of the litter is monitored, making these errors possible. However, manual manipulation is ineffective and expensive. Artificial intelligence provides a solution.
AI applications such as machine vision can help automated systems differentiate between different types of waste. They can then filter it effectively and provide details about landfill procedures. Companies will then ensure that they recycle everything they can and avoid harmful environmental mistakes.
Smart waste management focuses on solving the aforementioned solid waste management problems using sensors, smart monitoring systems, and mobile applications. The first smart waste management solution to make the waste collection process more efficient for the sensors.
8 Innovative Technologies Revolutionizing Waste Management
Session 12: Environmental Remediation
Landscaping to remove dirt or debris from water (both ground and surface water) and soil. These contaminants are removed to protect human health, as well as to restore the environment.
Example: Environmental remodeling techniques include excavation, extraction, oxidation, evaporation, thermal desorption, pump and treatment, nanoremediation, and more.
Types of Remediation:
There are two main types of environmental remediation, based on the use of treatment methods: Ex-situ - excavation and treatment; and. In-situ - treatment while the soil remains underground.
Bioremediation relies on promoting the growth of certain bacteria that utilize pollutants such as oil, solvents, and pesticides in food and energy sources. These bacteria convert pollutants into small amounts of water, as well as harmless gases such as carbon dioxide.
There are many ways to prepare the earth. In general, these can be categorized: engineering methods, e.g. excavation and removal, or coverage plans; process-based methods, e.g. bioremediation or soil washing.
Bioremediation helps clean up water resources, create healthier soils, and improve global air quality. But unlike mineral-based remedial procedures, which may be disruptive, bioremediation remedies are less disruptive and may help to correct environmental impacts without damaging the fragile ecosystem.
Although, bioremediation may be effective, due to its slow recovery time, it is not always considered. Bioremediation not only saves, but is an effective means of sensitive coast, due to the non-violence in coastal habitats (Boufadel et al., 2011, 2016).
Cost: The average cost of improved biological repairs ranges from $ 30 to $ 100 per cubic meter ($ 20 to $ 80 per cubic yard) of soil. Cost factors include the type of soil and chemicals, the type and amount of amendments used, and the type and degree of contamination.
Session 13: Biomedical and Infectious Waste Management
Trash contaminated with blood and other body fluids (e.g. from discarded diagnostic samples), customs and stocks of infectious material from laboratory work (e.g. waste from post-mortem and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from infected patients (e.g. and disposal) medical equipment)
The primary methods of treating medical waste are:
Sharps & Waste such as needles, scapels, broken glass and razors. Pathological debris & human or animal tissues, organs, blood and fluids. Medicinal Trash & Unused and Outdated Drugs, such as creams, pills, antibiotics.
There are many heat-resistant technologies sold to treat infectious waste. They can be classified as thermal, chemical, biological or glossy technologies.
The most common is autoclaving. This uses high pressure steam, usually 121-134oC, to disinfect waste for recycling and disposal.
Autoclaving is a highly flexible and well-known technology in many hospitals as it is used in sterilization surgery.
Session 14: Thermal Waste Recovery
Thermal heat recovery, also known as waste heat recovery, is the use of heat energy that is released from other industrial processes and that may be dispersed in a nearby unused area.
This temperature difference allows for heat transfer and thus energy transfer, or in this case, recovery. Thermal energy is usually obtained from liquid or gas waste to fresh air for self-cleaning and water infiltration of buildings, such as HVAC systems, or processing systems.
Units operate on the principle of renewable energy, releasing as much sense energy as possible from the exhaust air that comes out of your building. The theory is simple. As the air from the inside of the building is replaced by the outside air, the heat energy of the outgoing air is lost.
Uses:
The heat dissipation of industrial waste is also abundant in refineries, chemical plants, pipelines for oil and gas and general production. Wherever you can find an industrial process that involves converting raw materials into useful products - heat may be produced as a result.
Importance:
Recycling heat is very important because by reducing the amount of fuel used to generate heat in the boiler, the efficiency of the heat increases, leading to lower fuel consumption. This applies to both the requirement to increase efficiency and to reduce carbon emissions.
Installing a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) or energy recovery ventilator (ERV) in a home ventilation system is an effective way to meet the requirements for coding ventilation and access to a healthy indoor environment, while minimizing energy consumption.
10 ways that energy and facilities managers can improve the efficiency of their production line.
1. Optimise the use of refrigeration and chilling
Refrigeration and chilling can account for up to 50% of a site’s energy costs. To reduce this there are several steps energy managers can take:
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Prevent overcooling to minimise energy costs and improve efficiency.
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Maintain systems and pipework - ensure they are not blocked, dirty or leaking.
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Upgrade or replace inefficient equipment.
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Switch off lighting in refrigeration areas when not in use.
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Keep refrigeration doors closed and prevent cool air from escaping.
2. Regularly maintain boilers and heating distribution systems
Make sure the burners are working properly, or replace them. Inefficient boilers add 30% to heating costs. Another simple trick is to turn off the lights when needed, or go ahead and install the default controls. Investing in a development like this will improve efficiency in the production line. Other useful improvements are the installation of heat transfer systems in boilers (especially gas), e.g. return heat to use in pre-heating. Lastly, facility managers should remove unnecessary systems and install less expensive hot water systems.
3. Ensure pipework is well insulated
Refrigerators, heaters and steam systems are all piped. It is important that the installation of this should be in good condition. In addition, the operation of the pipeline should take a very short approach to minimize possible power losses.
4. Operate costly compressed air systems efficiently
Even idle air compressors can still use up to 40% of their full load, so it is advisable to turn them off when not in use, and reduce system pressure where possible. Regular adjustment will help to improve efficiency.
5. Improve lighting systems
LED lighting can save up to 75% over older lighting technology while moving sensors can help reduce energy consumption by 30%.
6. Correctly size motors and drives for their application
Choosing the right motors and drives can help reduce operating costs. Other ways to do this include shutting down engines when they are not working and installing automatic sensors to control operation. Investing in highly efficient motors and measuring variable speeds on pumps and fans are two additional ways to reduce energy.
7. Initiating water saving measures
Ensuring that water systems are well maintained is a basic way to conserve water. Reusable water recycling and self-closing taps require additional investment but save money over time.
8. Use process measurement and control
Effectively controlling processes can cut energy costs by up to 10%. This involves ensuring process equipment is utilised and controlled efficiently, and regularly calibrating equipment.
9. Integrate energy management systems
Fit sensors to electrical equipment to monitor system efficiencies and determine where further energy savings can be made. Another simple way of saving energy is to simply turn off equipment when not in use, i.e. at night and on weekends.
10. Consider Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Installing CHP units can help achieve energy savings of up to 40% and reduce CO2 emissions by up to 30%. Units can be replaced with inefficient boilers or next to existing boilers. They produce efficient electricity and heat energy with one process in place.
Session 15: Waste governance, regulations and policies
Major waste regulation laws
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Hazardous Waste
​Laws and Regulations
Compliance
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Hazardous Waste Compliance Monitoring: information about inspections, evaluations and investigations.
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RCRA Online: electronic database of selected letters, memoranda, questions and answers, and other publications about non-hazardous, hazardous and medical waste.
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Exporters of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste
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Importers and Receiving Facilities of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste
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Steps in Complying with Regulations for Hazardous Waste
Enforcement
Policy and Guidance
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RCRA Guidance, Policy and Resources
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Waste Enforcement Publications
Household Hazardous Waste
Recycling
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Hazardous Waste Recycling
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Frequent Questions Related to Hazardous Waste Recycling, the Definition of Solid Waste and Other Exemptions and Exclusions
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Regulatory Exclusions and Alternative Standards for the Recycling of Materials, Solid Wastes and Hazardous Wastes
Non-Hazardous Waste/Solid Waste
The Solid Waste Program, under RCRA Subtitle D, encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage non-hazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste, sets criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste.
Laws and Regulations
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RCRA Online: electronic database of selected letters, memoranda, questions and answers, and other publications about non-hazardous, hazardous and medical waste.
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Guide for Industrial Waste Management
Policy and Guidance
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RCRA Guidance, Policy and Resources
Session 16: Recycling and Upcycling
Recycling refers to the recycling and reuse of waste as immature materials for the production of new products. On the other hand, upcycling, a term coined in 1994 by Reiner Pilz, involves the recycling of waste into its present state without the need to break it down into its own.
Difference between Recycling and Upcycling
Recycling involves the destruction of waste in order to create something new, whereas upcycling takes waste and creates something new from it in its current state.
Common materials that can be recycled or up cycled
Some materials are more amenable for recycling and up cycling than others. Among the most commonly recycled materials are:
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concrete
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metals (such as steel and aluminium)
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plastics (such as PET, PP, PBT, and PLA)
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textiles
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wood
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glass
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paper
The reuse of one member of these material groups, compared with another member, can give you a significant limitation in the selection of items. Some “raw” materials can be obtained by proprietary methods of lifting bicycles, while other materials are simply produced in a way that makes them easier to recycle.
Brown paper bags are used instead of plastic bags for easy recycling. Plastic containers are replaced with metal if possible as they can be reused many times and easily recycled at the end of the life stage.
Some products, however, are difficult to recycle or recycle because of the highly specific nature of its structure / application or the nature of the materials used to produce it. Foam polystyrene, for example, is difficult and inexpensive to recycle as it is highly compacted and often polluted.
The recycling of compound products is also challenging because they are difficult to separate. Plastics such as PET, HDPE and PVC are generally easy to recycle as they usually act as liquid containers or pipe materials. Some plastics such as LDPE are often used as light tubes and food packaging, which means that they are often so polluted that it would require more energy to be reused than produced from scratch. The same goes for the products of dual materials such as glossy paperboard (used to make things like juice boxes), which seem difficult to separate into individual parts.
However, certain products that can be recycled can be replaced instead, and vice versa. The foam polystyrene mentioned above (commonly referred to as Styrofoam) can be upgraded instead of recycled while copper tubes and cords can be recycled more easily than are mounted on top.
Session 17: Pollution Control Technologies
There are various technologies used in industrial and transportation processes to control pollution. The technology for controlling particle emission chambers, gravitational separators, centrifugal separators, particulate wet scrubber etc. The use of sensors in controlling pollution has become a widespread practice.
Ways to Control or Reduce Industrial Pollution
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Source Control
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Recycling
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Cleaning of Resources
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Industry Site Selection
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Proper Treatment of Industrial Waste
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Rebuilding Habitats and Afforestation
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Stricter Laws and Enforcement
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Regular Environmental Impact Assessments
Venturi scrubbers are the most efficient of the wet collectors, achieving efficiencies of more than 98percent for particles larger than 0.5μm in diameter.
ABSORPTION & WET SCRUBBING EQUIPMENT:
Scrubbing is a practical process in which particles, fumes, and gases are controlled by passing a gas stream into a liquid solution or by spraying a liquid into a gas stream. Water is not the most commonly absorbed liquid. As a stream of gas touches a liquid, the liquid absorbs the impurities, just as raindrops evoke a strong odor on hot summer days. Absorption of gas is often used to regenerate products or to purify gas streams with high concentrations of soluble compounds in water. Absorption machines are designed to detect as many interactions between gas and liquid as possible. Typical types of gas suction machines include spray towers, packed towers, tray towers, and spray chambers. Packed towers are the most commonly used control machines for the absorption of gas pollutants. However, when used with heavy, particle gas, it can be connected with particle matter (PM). The water collecting equipment used to control the PM includes ventricular ventilators, ventilators, spray towers, and in some cases, electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Scrubbers use a liquid stream to remove solid particles from a gas stream by touching these particles with water droplets by spraying water on electricity or by violently mixing water with a gas stream. For example, in a venture scrubber, PM-filled gas passes through the joint part of the scrubber (venture throat) where water and gas reach high speeds, leading to high damage to water and gas streams, causing water droplets- particle contact. The water is directed to the gas stream immediately before or in the throat. The difference in speed and the pressure caused by the congestion cause many smaller and larger water droplets to form.
ADSORPTION
The adsorption process involves the attraction of gases or vapors (usually a combination of organic organisms (VOCs)) over other solids (usually carbon, molecular filters, and / or catalysts). This attraction may be chemical or physical in nature and is usually a superficial effect. Activated carbon (charcoal), which has a large internal space required to attract large amounts of gases inside its structure, is often used to remove VOCs from gases emitted by air. After activated carbon is filled with VOCs, it is usually treated (by heat and / or steam) to release the collected VOCs. The VOCs are then sent for additional treatment, and carbon is reused in the adsorption reactor. Adsorption is affected by temperature, flow, concentration, and the structure of the gas molecules.
FABRIC FILTERS OR BAG HOUSES
Fabric filters, also called housing bags, are used in many industrial applications. They work in the same way as a household vacuum cleaner. The dusty gases pass through the fabric pockets where the dry particles are taken from the fabric surface. After sufficient dust has been deposited in the filters, as indicated by the accumulation of pressure throughout the fabric, the dust is periodically removed by blowing air behind the fabric, pushing the fabric with a blast, or stirring the fabric. Dust from the fabric then falls into the hopper of the collection where it is removed. As dust builds up on the fabric, the dust layer itself can act as a filter to improve the efficiency of device removal.
CATALYTIC REACTORS
Catalytic reactors, called selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, are widely used to control NOx emissions from the burning of minerals in industrial processes. Ammonia is injected and mixed with gases from the water rising through the SCR reactor stream. In the SCR reactor, ammonia and NOx react to form nitrogen and water. More than 90% NOx removal is possible with these programs.
CYCLONES
The dust-filled gas circulates rapidly inside the cylinder-shaped set (or hurricane). The rotating motion creates a centrifugal force that causes the particles to be thrown into the cylinder walls and fall into the hopper below. The gas left in the center of the cylinder after the dust particles rises and rises from the cylinder. Storms work to collect a large PM size from a gas stream, and can operate at higher temperatures. Storms are usually used for the extraction of particles of 50 microns (µm) or more. Efficiency of more than 90% particle sizes of 10 nomam or more is possible, and efficiency increases significantly with particle width and decreased pressure due to storm.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS (ESPS)
Larger ESPs, in contrast, low-speed dust collection tools remove particles in much the same way as dry electricity in a garment picks up small pieces of lint. Transformers are used to promote high voltage output between charging electrodes and collection plates. An electric field generated in a gas stream as it passes through high-voltage emissions imposes a charge on the particles, which are then attracted to the collection plates. Occasionally the collected dust is removed from the collection plates with a hammering device (rapping) that removes the particle, which falls into the lower hopper for removal.
Olga S Naymushina
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Bassem Nassouhy Abdelrahman Attwan
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